中国志愿者首次成功踏上模拟火星表面

据“火星-500”试验中方项目负责人白延强介绍，昨晚6时，在经历了260天的密闭飞行后，中国志愿者王跃走出登陆舱，成功踏上模拟火星表面，在“火星”首次留下中国人的足迹。

　　“火星—500”是人类历史上第一次全过程模拟从地球往返火星的一次试验。模拟登陆火星试验在位于俄罗斯生物医学问题研究所的密闭试验舱中进行。模拟火星表面的是1200立方米模拟舱，里面用灯光模拟星光，表面铺满沙砾，还有供志愿者休息的特制椅子。

　　王跃与俄罗斯志愿者斯莫列耶夫斯基身穿白色火星服一同出舱。他们将在模拟火星表面完成一系列勘察任务，其中包括使用磁强仪寻找“火星”正负磁场、采集土壤岩石样本，并用专门容器将其带回“返回舱”等。医学检查显示，王跃出舱前的身体状态非常好。

　　白延强说，王跃所穿的火星服有自动调节的压力装置、通风装置和通信设备等，重达32公斤。按照人体负荷，穿着这套火星服作业的时间强度为2小时。志愿者完成出舱活动后，科学家还要对他们的立位耐力等情况进行研究。

　　据白延强介绍，在登陆舱停留“火星”期间，志愿者除了出舱作业，还要在舱内开展虚拟现实技术研究。登陆舱里设置了操作作业平台，有头盔显示系统、操纵杆、监视器等。志愿者通过这些设备进行虚拟仿真操作，能模拟在火星表面搜寻水源、为受伤的志愿者提供远程医疗救助，以及火星发生沙尘暴等情形。此外，志愿者还将使用虚拟技术软件，驾驶载人火星车在“火星”表面作业，模拟发生流星雨时志愿者从“火星”表面紧急撤离的情况等。

　　据悉，模拟登陆火星于本月14日、18日和22日分三次进行。根据试验安排，三次出舱活动结束后，登陆舱将于23日脱离“火星”表面，与主舱对接，返回地球家园，预计今年11月初“抵达”地球。

　　狭小卧室仅有3.4平方米

　　在为期520天的全过程中，由于真实模拟密闭飞行状态，对人的生理、心理健康以及工作能力都会造成极大影响，也会经历很多常人难以承受的考验，但可以得到许多有关人类耐受能力的准确数据。

　　最狭小的卧室

　　550立方米的实验舱安装了很多摄像头，属于王跃个人空间的只有3.4平方米的卧室，包括一张床、一张桌子、加上床下的储物空间。

　　卧室墙壁上醒目地挂着一张杨利伟的画像，王跃说，“杨利伟是中国载人航天的代表人物，就像俄罗斯的加加林一样。照片不光对我是一种激励，我也借此告诉欧洲乃至世界宇航界的朋友们：中国人来了！”

　　最“恼人”的试验

　　全部105个项目参试，都要依靠志愿者完成。6名志愿者日复一日地抽取血液、尿液、唾液等，单调的工作难免让人感到乏味，而身上佩戴的一些仪器设备有时也让他们“叫苦不迭”。以脑电极试验为例，志愿者晚上要戴上电极帽，监测夜间睡眠期间动态脑电图。由于头皮上布满了电极贴和导线，志愿者睡觉时感到不适。试验高峰时，王跃和同伴每月要戴上7个晚上。

　　最“紧急”的情况

　　去年12月初，实验舱电力系统突发故障，发出火灾警报。舱内顿时一片漆黑，空调停止运转，微波炉无法加热食品，冰箱食品开始解冻，只有应急照明和应急通信还在工作。

　　其实，这是一次紧急情况演练。王跃和他的同伴按照行动指南沉着处置。他们远离火源，等待撤离。数小时后，启动了一个冰柜，把速冻食品转移到供电的冰柜中。一切处置完毕，王跃在黑暗中弹起了心爱的吉他。那一晚，他们在无噪声的舱内睡着，等待第二天电力系统的恢复供应。

　　最奇怪的舱壁

　　健身舱里有一面看上去有点奇怪的墙。研究人员采取技术手段使它保持一定的湿度，以满足一些微生物对潮湿环境的偏爱。他们在这面墙上放置了很多金属盘，每个金属盘上都刷了能够抵御这些微生物生长的涂层。

　　据了解，这项试验的目的是在将来真正的火星之旅时，科学家可以了解用什么涂料对舱壁进行处理，使得微生物不能在舱壁居住和繁殖。事实上，在国际空间站中，曾发现了两百多种细菌和真菌在失重和极冷的条件下依然存活。

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