釣魚台到底是誰的？(上)

論歷史、地緣、法理 台灣主張最有力、日本最薄弱


Madame Chiang Kai-shek was a diplomat par excellence. But she was not familiar with Japanese history. Had she had enough knowledge of the history of the Land of the Rising Sun, which was facing an imminent crushing defeat in World War II, there wouldn't have been a sovereignty issue over the Tiaoyutai Islands, known in Japanese as the Senkakus.

蔣宋美齡是位傑出的外交家，只是對日本史不夠熟諳。接近二戰尾聲、日本潰不成軍之際，倘若宋美齡當時對日本史有充足的了解，那麼釣魚台（日文稱尖閣諸島）主權爭議也就無從而生。

She spoke for her husband, President Chiang, at the Cairo Conference of 1943, where he agreed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill that Formosa and the Pescadores would have to be restored to the Republic of China after the war. Had she suggested that Japan which annexed the kingdom of the Ryukyus as the prefecture of Okinawa in 1872 return the entire island chain to the Ryukyuans, Roosvelt and Sir Winston would have agreed to restore an independent sovereign state of the Ryukyus like Korea, which was annexed by Japan in 1910. The kingdom of the Ryukyus, which was a vassal state of China since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1372), never claimed the Tiayutais as part of its territory.

1943年，蔣介石總統參加開羅會議，與美國羅斯福總統及英國首相邱吉爾達成協議，將台灣及澎湖在戰後歸還中華民國。假使當時蔣夫人提議讓琉球恢復獨立，小羅斯福及邱吉爾就會比照韓國的處理方式，恢復琉球的主權獨立。日本於1872年兼併琉球王國，劃歸為沖繩縣，韓國則是在1910年遭日本併吞。琉球王國自明朝即為中國的藩屬國，從未將釣魚台列嶼納入其領土。

美國違反波茨坦宣言 開啟釣魚台爭端


Japan a c cept ed the t e rms of the Pot sd am Declaration to surrender to the Allies to end the war. Stipulations set forth in the Potsdam Declaration provide that“Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and such minor islands as we (the co-signatories of the declaration, of which the Republic of China was one) determine. When the United States returned the Okinawa chain to Japanese sovereignty, the Republic of China was not consulted. Subsequently, Taipei filed a protest with the United States. The Republic of China does not accept the return of the Okinawas to Japanese rule.

二戰末期，日本接受「波茨坦宣言」而無條件投降，結束戰爭。該宣言言明「日本之主權將限於本州、北海道、九州、四國，及吾人（含中華民國在內的主要盟國）所決定之其他島嶼。」1972年美國未與中華民國協商，逕自將沖繩群島歸還日本，中華民國向美國抗議，表示不接受此行政權移交的協定。

What the Japanese call the Senkakus, a translation from English, include Uotusuri-jima or Tiaoyutao, Kuba-jima or Huangweiyu, Taisho-jima or Chiweiyu, Minami-ko-jima or Nanhsiaotao, Kita-ko-jima or Peihsiaotao, Oki-no-kita-jima or Tapeihsiaotao, Oki-no-minami-iwa or Nanhsiaotao , and Tobise or Fechiaoyen. They were posted in British Royal Navy charts as the Pinnacle Islands in the mid-nineteenth century. The Japanese literally translated the English name to Senkaku.

事實上，所謂尖閣諸島實從英文翻譯而來，一共有八個島，就是：魚釣島（即釣魚島）、久場島（即黃尾嶼）、大正島（即赤尾嶼）、南小島、北小島、沖北岩（即大北小島）、沖南岩（即大南小島）、飛瀨（飛礁岩）。英國皇家海軍在19世紀中將釣魚台列嶼列入皇家海軍的海圖，名之為Pinnacle Islands，直譯成日文就是「尖閣諸島」。

The uninhabited islets and the rocks sit on the edge of the continental shelf of mainland Asia, and are separated from the Ryukyu Islands by the Okinawa Trough. They are 140 kilometers east of Agincourt or Penchiayu which belongs to the Republic of China, 170 kilometers north of Ishigaki-jima of the Ryukyu Islands, and 186 kilometers northeast of Keelung. At present, Taiwan places them under the jurisdiction of Toucheng, Yilan County, whereas Japan put them under the administration of Okinawa and the People’s Republic of China claims them as part of its Taiwan Province.

這八座無人島礁坐落在東海大陸礁層邊緣上，位於彭佳嶼東方140公里、石垣島北方170公里、基隆東北方186公里處，沖繩海槽把八座島礁與琉球群島隔開。台灣把釣魚台列嶼劃歸宜蘭縣頭城鎮管轄，日本則劃入沖繩縣的管轄範圍，而中國大陸則稱其為台灣省的一部分。

日據時期被視為台灣附屬島嶼


As a matter of fact, the islets were known to China probably since 770 B.C. based on a passage in the Shan Hai Ching , Chapter “Haineipei ching,” and were controlled by the Qing Dynasty along with Taiwan, which was ceded to Japan in 1895. In fact, the Empress Dowager granted them to her court minister Sheng Hsuan-huai as a fief in perpetuity. Sheng's granddaughter presented the Empress Dowager's brief endowment edict to the Academia istorica in Taipei in 1973. Between 1895 and 1945, Japan administered the islets as part of Taiwan.

早在西元前770年，中國便知道釣魚台列嶼的存在，《山海經》海內北經中有關釣魚台的記載可資證明。台灣及釣魚台列嶼皆曾受清朝統治，其中台灣於1895年割讓給日本。慈禧太后曾於1893年將釣魚台賜封予盛宣懷，其後1895至1945年間，日本將釣魚台視為台灣的島嶼。1973年，盛宣懷孫女將慈禧賜封的諭旨捐給國史館。

When Taiwan was restored to the Republic of China at the end of the Second World War, the islets were considered to be returned at the same time, though there is no official documentation in the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty signed in Taipei in 1952. After the peace treaty was abolished in 1972 when Japan normalized relations with the People's Republic, Beijing began to claim sovereignty over the islets as part of its province of Taiwan.

台灣於二戰結束後歸還中華民國，儘管1952年簽署的《中日和約》（台北和約）無載明釣魚台的歸屬問題，但是中華民國認為釣魚台是和台澎一起歸還。《中日和約》於1972年中華人民共和國與日本關係正常化時廢止，自此中國便主張領有該列嶼，把釣魚台劃入台灣省管轄範圍。

Meiji Japan formally annexed the kingdom of the Ryukyus, with the Senkaku Islands as the Sino-Japanese boundary. In 1885, the Japanese governor of Okinawa petitioned the Meiji government asking that it take formal control of the Senkakus, but Premier Inoue Kaoru commented that the islands lay near to the border area with the Qing Empire and that they had been given Chinese names. He was concerned that if Japan proceeded to erect a landmark staking its claim, it would make Beijing suspicious. Following his advice, Minister of the Interior Yamagata Aritomo turned down the request to incorporate the islets, insisting that this matter should not be“revealed to the news media.”

是否為台灣附屬島嶼是關鍵


明治維新時期，日本兼併琉球王國，並以尖閣諸島作為中日疆界。1885年，沖繩縣知事上呈將尖閣諸島劃歸沖繩縣管轄的請求，時任外務卿的井上馨認為釣魚台近鄰清朝，且清政府已加以命名，倘若日本執意在島上建立標示，定會招致清政府猜忌。內務卿山縣有朋採行井上的建言，擱置兼併尖閣島嶼的提議，並囑咐此事不要對媒體公開。

On January 14, 1895, Japan officially incorporated the islets under the administration of Okinawa, stating that it had conducted surveys since 1884 and that they were terra nullius because there was no evidence to suggest that they had been under Qing Chinese control. The Treaty of Shimonoseki that ended the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895 stipulated that Qing China would cede to Japan“the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa.”There is a disagreement as to whether the Tiaoyutais or Senkakus are implied to be part of the“islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa.”

1895年1月14日，日本政府正式將釣魚台併入沖繩縣，並表示1884年以來的實地調查顯示，釣魚台沒有受過清朝統治的跡象，因此屬於無主地。1895年，中日簽定《馬關條約》，結束甲午戰爭，條約載明清朝須將台灣及其附屬島嶼割給日本，關於釣魚台是否包含在「附屬島嶼」已有爭議。

The Okinawa Islands were occupied by the United States toward the end of the Second World War in 1945. Washington restored the Amami Islands to Japan in 1953, but the Republic of China protested because it was not consulted in accordance with the stipulations in the Potsdam Declaration. Moreover, the transfer was ncompatible with the peace treaty signed at San Franscico, of which only Article 3 obligates Japan to concur in the proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, certain islands including the Ryukyus. At the same time, the treaty stipulates that pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States would have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters. There is no provision in the treaty which can be construed as authorizing the United States to transfer the islands to Japan, or any other power at any time.

美託管琉球 但無權移交給日本


1945年，二戰接近尾聲之際，美軍攻占琉球。1953年美國違背「波茨坦宣言」由同盟國共同決定島嶼主權的規定，未先與我政府協商，就片面將琉球群島最北端的奄美群島交給日本，我政府隨即發出嚴正抗議。此外，這項統治權的轉移還違反了《舊金山和約》，其第三條明定日本應同意美國向聯合國作的提案，也就是將琉球在內的諸多島群交給美國託管，而且美國是唯一的管理當局。在此提案通過之前，美國對上述地區、所屬居民與所屬海域擁有行政、立法、司法權利。但是《舊金山和約》中，沒有任何一條明定美國日後有權將託管地移交給日本。

In 1969 the United States expressed its intention to hand over Okinawa and its surrounding islands, including the Senkakus, to Japan. Subsequently, both Taipei and Beijing protested and asserted their claim to sovereignty over the islets, which Japan’s first cartographer Hayashi Shihei positioned as belonging to China, not to the kingdom of the Ryukyus, in his Sangoku-tsuran zusetsu (A Comprehensive Map of the Three Countries ) in 1785.

回溯歷史 釣魚台並非日本固有領土


1969年，美國表示有意將沖繩及釣魚台等島嶼歸還日本，中國及台灣隨即提出抗議，並主張對該群島擁有主權。事實上，日本史地學者林子平在1785年《三國通覽圖說》的標註上，將釣魚台劃歸中國，而非琉球王國。

In 1877, the Ry u k y u k ing a sked for Qing intervention to revive his former tributary relations with China. Sino-Japanese negotiations were opened at Tianjin in regard to the position of the Ryukyus. An agreement was reached in 1882. According to the agreement which Qing China refused to ratify, the kingdom of the Ryukyus would be divided in half, with all the island north of Okinawa Island belonging to Japan and those south of the same island to China. The Tiaoyutais are to the south of Okinawa Island. Though Japan erected a marker each on Kubajima and Uotsuri-jima to formally incorporate the Senakakus in 1895, its decision and action were publicized in 1950.

1877年，琉球國王向清朝求救，盼能恢復和清政府間的朝貢關係。之後，中、日就琉球問題在天津展開磋商，日本提出「分島改約」，將琉球一分為二，將琉球群島主島沖繩島以北併入日本，以南的島嶼則納在清朝版圖，釣魚台便是其一，但是清廷並沒有批准。雖然日本早在1895年便在釣魚島及黃尾嶼建立國標、強納版圖，此竊占領土的行徑卻遲至1950年才正式公開。

There was no dispute over the Tiaoyutais while Taiwan was under Japanese colonial rule. They were administered as part of Taihoku-shu or the prefecture of Taihoku or Taipei in Chinese. When a dispute over fishery rights occurred between Taihoku-shu and the prefecture of Okinawa, the Japanese high court in Tokyo ruled the rights belonged to the former, which now includes the special municipalities of Taipei and Xinbeishi, Yilan County and part of the county of Taoyuan.

日據時期，釣魚台主權問題並無爭議，治權劃歸台北州。當台北州與沖繩縣在釣魚台漁權上發生爭執，東京高等法院明白判定漁權屬於台北州。當時的台北州涵蓋現今的台北市、新北市、宜蘭縣及部分桃園縣地區。